Metadata is the only thing that travels with a file
Most pipelines strip it: a chat app re-encodes, a CMS runs an optimiser, a screenshot pipeline rebuilds the pixels. What arrives at your editor is usually a bare JPEG with no camera, no software tag and no Content Credentials, which is why absence of provenance proves nothing.
What it does tell you is that the image cannot be authenticated from the file alone, and that any claim about its origin needs a source outside the file.